![]() ![]() ![]() This became the universal standard form of sigma during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Today, it is known as lunate sigma (uppercase Ϲ, lowercase ϲ), because of its crescent-like shape, and is still widely used in decorative typefaces in Greece, especially in religious and church contexts, as well as in some modern print editions of classical Greek texts.Ī dotted lunate sigma ( sigma periestigmenon, Ͼ) was used by Aristarchus of Samothrace (220–143 BC) as an editorial sign indicating that the line marked as such is at an incorrect position. Similarly, a reversed sigma ( antisigma, Ͻ), may mark a line that is out of place. In unicode, the above variations of lunate sigma are encoded as U+03F9 Ϲ A dotted antisigma ( antisigma periestigmenon, Ͽ) may indicate a line after which rearrangements should be made, or to variant readings of uncertain priority. ![]() Sigma was adopted in the Old Italic alphabets beginning in the 8th century BC.Īt that time a simplified three-stroke version, omitting the lowermost stroke, was already found in Western Greek alphabets,Īnd was incorporated into classical Etruscan and Oscan, as well as in the earliest Latin epigraphy (early Latin S), such as the Duenos inscription. ![]() The forms of the Coptic letter sima ( Ⲥ 2nd century BC) and The alternation between three and four (and occasionally more than four) strokes was also adopted into the early runic alphabet (early form of the s-rune).īoth the Anglo-Saxon runes and the Younger Futhark consistently use the simplified three-stroke version. In both Ancient and Modern Greek, the sigma represents the voiceless alveolar fricative /s/.Of Cyrillic letter es ( С 9th century AD) are derived from lunate sigma. In signal processing, σ denotes the damping ratio of a system parameter.In radar jamming or electronic warfare, radar cross-sections (RCS) are commonly represented as σ when measuring the size of a target's image on radar.In machine learning, σ is used in the formula that derives the Sigmoid function.∑ k = 0 5 k = 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15 to denote selections, which are a type of unary operation.In general mathematics, lowercase σ is commonly used to represent unknown angles, as well as serving as a shorthand for " countably", whereas Σ is regularly used as the operator for summation, e.g.In linguistics, Σ represents the set of symbols that form an alphabet (see also computer science).In phonology, σ is used to represent syllables.The uppercase form of sigma ( Σ) was re-borrowed into the Latin alphabet-more precisely, the International African Alphabet-to serve as the uppercase of modern esh (lowercase: ʃ).In Modern Greek, this sound is voiced to /z/ before /m/, /n/, /v/, /ð/ or /ɣ/. ![]()
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